Intro of Physical Journeys

Texts may show us that the world of physical journeys involves unexpected detours. To what extent do the texts you have studied support this idea? The world of physical journeys, is the movement from one place to another, where the traveller undergoes a process of change and development, where they become endowed with experiences and where there are goals that are achieved culminating in an overall transformation physically, intellectually and emotionally. Within theses changes they are caused by unexpected detours or obstacles, new challenges or hindrances. The poems from the collection called â€Å"Sometimes Gladness† by Bruce Dawe portrays this like: â€Å"For The Duration† coveys this through the tedious attempts of men trying to escape jail, â€Å"Migrants† represents this through a group of immigrants finding a new land for their habitat ; trying to fit in and â€Å"Last Seen At 12:10am† depicts a worrying and traumatic mother in search for her misplaced daughter. The epic fantasy novel The Lord Of The Rings also symbolises of a group of determined protagonists on a agonising quest to find a ring. (Write a sentence and say a brief summary about each poem and how it may explore the answer. ) Bruce Dawe's â€Å"For The Duration† conveys a physical journey of the challenges faced when they attempt to break out of jail. The use of the technique enjambment between the first and second stanza, creates a sense of suspense

Filipino People and Maria Anna Mae

Chapter 14 Rizal in London (1888-89) SS014-Rizal Chapter 14 Rizal in London Report by: Isidro, Maria Anna Mae S. †¢Lived in London May 1888 to Mar. 1889 †¢3 reasons why he stayed there: 1)To improve the his knowledge of the English Language 2)To study and annotate Morga’s Sucesos de Las Islas Filipinas 3)London was a safe place for him to carry on his fight against Spanish Tyranny †¢Filipiniana studies †¢Completing annotating Morga’s books †¢Wrote many articles in La Solidaridad †¢Penned Young Women of Malolos †¢Had romance with Gertrude Beckett Chapter 14 Rizal in London (1888-89) SS014-Rizal Stay in London Report by: Isidro, Maria Anna Mae S. Trip across the Atlantic †¢Made friends in his atlantic voyage †¢Amazed some American and European passengers †¢Had a chat with newspaper men but became disappointed †¢Arrived on Liverpool May 24, 1888 †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Liverpool is a big and beautiful city and its celebrated port is worthy of its great fame. The entrance is magnificent and the custom house is quite good. † Chapter 14 Rizal in London (1888-89) SS014-Rizal Report by: Isidro, Maria Anna Mae S. you Chapter 14 Rizal in London (1888-89) SS014-Rizal Life in London Went to London May 25, 1888 †¢Stayed as a guest at Dr. Regidor’s home †¢Became a boarder at the Beckett’s by the end of May †¢Was called â€Å"Pearl of Man† by Dr. Reinhold Rost †¢Played Cricket and Boxing with Dr. Rost’s sons. Report by: Isidro, Maria Anna Mae S. Chapter 14 Rizal in London (1888-89) SS014-Rizal Good and Bad News from home â⠂¬ ¢Bad News †¢Persecution of the Filipino patriots who signed the â€Å"Anti-friar Petition of 1888† †¢Persecution of Calamba tenants †¢Furious attacks on Rizal by Senator Salamanca and Vida in the Spanish Cortes and by Desenganos (Wenseslao E. Retana) and Quioquiap (Pablo Feced) in spanish newspapers †¢Rizal’s brother-in-law, Manuel Hidalgo was exiled in Bohol Report by: Isidro, Maria Anna Mae S. Chapter 14 Rizal in London (1888-89) SS014-Rizal Good and Bad News from home †¢Good News †¢Rev. Vicente Garcias’ defended Noli against the attacks of the friars. †¢Content of the letter We young Filipinos are trying to make over a nation and must not halt in our onward march, but from time to time turn our gaze upon our elders. We shall wish to read in their contenances approval of our actions. We are anxious to learn of the Philippines’ past which we need to understand in order to plan intelligently for the future. We want to know all that our ancestors knew, and then add our own Report by: Isidro, Maria Anna Mae S. Chapter 14 Rizal in London (1888-89) SS014-Rizal Annotating Morga’s books †¢Spent many days in the reading room of the British Museum reading Morga’s books and old stories of the Philippines †¢Wrote a letter to Blumentritt on Sept. 17, 1888 †¢Mariano Ponce urged him to edit a newspaper but refused Report by: Isidro, Maria Anna Mae S. Chapter 14 Rizal in London (1888-89) SS014-Rizal Short visit to Paris and Spain †¢September 1888 he visited Paris for a week †¢Entertained in a gay French Metropolis by Juan Luna and his wife †¢He returned to London †¢Dec. 11, 1888 he went to Spain †¢Met Marcelo H. del Pilar and Mariano Ponce Report by: Isidro, Maria Anna Mae S. Chapter 14 Rizal in London (1888-89) SS014-Rizal Christmas in London †¢Rizal returned to London on Dec. 24, 1888 and spent his Christmas and new year ‘s day with the Becketts. †¢He sent a gift to Blumentritt and Dr. Carlos Czepelak †¢Received a gift from Mrs. Beckett Report by: Isidro, Maria Anna Mae S. Chapter 14 Rizal in London (1888-89) SS014-Rizal Rizal becomes leader of Filipinos in Europe †¢Chosen to be honorary president †¢Wrote a letter of thanks adressed to the members of Asociacion La Solidaridad on Jan. 28, 1889 †¢Letter content †¢When defeated never surrender †¢Great deal of integrity and much good Report by: Isidro, Maria Anna Mae S. Chapter 14 Rizal in London (1888-89) SS014-Rizal Rizal and the La Solidaridad paper †¢Graciano Lopez founded La Solidaridad on Feb. 15,1889 at Barcelona †¢Marcelo H. del Pilar about their newspaper †¢Rizal congratulated Lopez Jaena nd the associates and wrote articles Report by: Isidro, Maria Anna Mae S. Chapter 14 Rizal in London (1888-89) SS014-Rizal First Article in La Solidaridad †¢Los Agricultores Filipinos (The Filipino Farmers) †¢Published Mar. 25, 1889 †¢Depicted the deplorable conditions in the Philippines which cause the backwardness of the country. The Filipino farmers has to struggle not only against petty tyrants and robbers. Against the first, defense indeed was permitted; against the latter not always†¦ After the floods, locusts, fires, bad harvests, and the like the farmer capitalist has o deal with constable who takes away from Report by: Isidro, Maria Anna Mae S. Chapter 14 Rizal in London (1888-89) SS014-Rizal First Article in La Solidaridad for being suspicious persons or for no reason whatsoever, and they manacle them to clean the barracks and thus compel the capitalist to live on better terms with the chief and, if not, they take away his carabaos, oxen, inspite of many protests. At times it is not the constable or the civil guard who opposes so indirectly the minister of colonies. An official of the court or the provincial government, dissatisfied with he farmer, urgently summons this or that laborer, if not two or three. The unfortunate man underyakes a tripoftwo or three days, uneasy and distrustful, spends his savings, Report by: Isi dro, Maria Anna Mae S. Chapter 14 Rizal in London (1888-89) SS014-Rizal Writings in London †¢La Vision del Fray Rodriguez (The vision of Fray Rodriguez) †¢Published at Barcelona †¢Letter to the Young Women of Malolos †¢M. H. del Pilar †¢Praise the young ladies of Malolos for their courage to establish a school where they could learn spanish despite the opposition of Fr. Felipe Garcia, Spanish parish priest of Malolos. 1. A Filipino mother should teach her children love of God, fatherland, and mankind 2. Filipino mother should be glad, like the Spartan mother 3. Filipino woman should know how to preserve her dignity and honor 4. Filipino woman should educate herself, aside from retaining her good racial virtues; Report by: Isidro, Maria Anna Mae S. Chapter 14 Rizal in London (1888-89) SS014-Rizal Writings in London †¢Specimens of Tagalog Folklore †¢Two Eastern Fables †¢Requested by: Dr. Rost Report by: Isidro, Maria Anna Mae S. Chapter 14 Rizal in London (1888-89) SS014-Rizal Romance with Gertrude Beckett †¢Gertrude Beckett †¢Buxom English girl with brown hair, blue eyes, and rosy cheeks †¢Eldest of the three sisters †¢Fell in love with Rizal †¢helped him in his painting and sculpture †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Gettie† †¢Rizal finished 4 sculptures †¢Promotheus Bound †¢The Triumph of Death over Life †¢The Triumph of Science over Death †¢Composite carving of the heads of the Beckett sisters Report by: Isidro, Maria Anna Mae S. Chapter 14 Rizal in London (1888-89) SS014-Rizal Adios London †¢March 19, 1889 Report by: Isidro, Maria Anna Mae S.

Marlon Brando, Littlefeather, and the Academy Awards

The social turbulence of the 1970s was a time of much-needed change in Indian country. Native American people were in the bottom strata of all socioeconomic indicators, and it was clear to American Indian youth that change was not going to happen without dramatic action. Then came Marlon Brando to bring it all to center stage  Ã¢â‚¬â€ quite literally. A Time of Unrest The Alcatraz Island occupation was two years in the past by March of 1973. Indian activists had taken over the Bureau of Indian Affairs building the year before and the siege of Wounded Knee was underway in South Dakota. Meanwhile, the Vietnam War showed no end in sight despite massive protests. No one was without an opinion and some Hollywood stars are remembered for the stands they would take, even if they were unpopular and controversial. Marlon Brando was one of those stars. The American Indian Movement AIM  came about thanks to Native American college students in the cities and activists on the reservations who understood all too well that the conditions they were living under were a result of oppressive government policies. Attempts were made at non-violent protests — the Alcatraz occupation was completely nonviolent although it lasted well over a year — but there were times when violence seemed like the only way to bring attention to the problem. Tensions came to a head on the Oglala Lakota  Pine Ridge reservation in February 1973. A group of heavily-armed Oglala Lakota and their American Indian Movement supporters overtook a trading post in the town of Wounded Knee, the site of the 1890 massacre. Demanding a regime change from the U.S.-backed tribal government that had been mistreating the reservations residents for years, the occupiers found themselves in a 71-day armed battle against the FBI and the U.S. Marshal Service as the eyes of the nation watched on the evening news. Marlon Brando and the Academy Awards Marlon Brando had a long history of supporting various social movements dating back to at least 1946 when he backed the Zionist movement for a Jewish homeland. He had also participated in the March on Washington in 1963 and he supported the work of Dr. Martin Luther King. He was even known to have donated money to the Black Panthers. Later, however, he became critical of Israel and supported the Palestinian cause. Brando was also highly dissatisfied with the way Hollywood treated American Indians. He objected to the way Native Americans were represented in the movies. When he was nominated for an Oscar for his infamous portrayal of Don Corleone in The Godfather, he refused to attend the ceremony. He instead sent Sacheen Littlefeather (born Marie Cruz), a young Apache/Yaqui activist who had participated in the Alcatraz Island occupation. Littlefeather was a budding model and actress, and she agreed to represent him. When Brando was announced as the winner, Littlefeather took the stage dressed in full native regalia. She delivered a short speech on behalf of Brando declining acceptance of the award. He had actually written a 15-page speech explaining his reasons, but Littlefeather later said that she had been threatened with arrest if she attempted to read the entire speech. Instead, she was given 60 seconds. All she was able to say was: Marlon Brando has asked me to tell you, in a very long speech which I cannot share with you presently because of time but I will be glad to share with the press afterward, that he must ... very regretfully cannot accept this very generous award.And the reason [sic] for this being ... are the treatment of American Indians today by the film industry †¦ excuse me†¦ and on television in movie reruns, and also the recent happenings at Wounded Knee.I beg at this time that I have not intruded upon this evening and that we will, in the future ... our hearts and our understanding will meet with love and generosity.Thank you on behalf of Marlon Brando. The crowd cheered and booed. The speech was shared at a press conference after the ceremony and was published in its entirety by the New York Times. The Full Speech Native Americans had virtually no representation in the film industry in 1973, and they were primarily used as extras while lead roles depicting Indians in several generations of Westerns were almost always awarded to white actors. Brandos speech addressed the stereotypes of Native Americans in films long before the subject would be taken seriously in the industry. In his original speech as printed by the New York Times, Brando said: Perhaps at this moment you are saying to yourself what the hell has all this got to do with the Academy Awards? Why is this woman standing up here, ruining our evening, invading our lives with things that dont concern us, and that we dont care about? Wasting our time and money and intruding in our homes.I think the answer to those unspoken questions is that the motion picture community has been as responsible as any for degrading the Indian and making a mockery of his character, describing his as savage, hostile and evil. Its hard enough for children to grow up in this world. When Indian children watch television, and they watch films, and when they see their race depicted as they are in films, their minds become injured in ways we can never know. True to his political sensibilities, Brando also minced no words about Americas treatment of American Indians: For 200 years we have said to the Indian people who are fighting for their land, their life, their families and their right to be free: Lay down your arms, my friends, and then we will remain together ...When they laid down their arms, we murdered them. We lied to them. We cheated them out of their lands. We starved them into signing fraudulent agreements that we called treaties which we never kept. We turned them into beggars on a continent that gave life for as long as life can remember. And by any interpretation of history, however twisted, we did not do right. We were not lawful nor were we just in what we did. For them, we do not have to restore these people, we do not have to live up to some agreements, because it is given to us by virtue of our power to attack the rights of others, to take their property, to take their lives when they are trying to defend their land and liberty, and to make their virtues a crime and our own vices virtues. Sacheen Littlefeather Sacheen Littlefeather received phone calls from Coretta Scott King and Cesar Chavez as a result of her intervention at the Academy Awards, congratulating her for what shed done. But she also received death threats and was lied about in the media, including allegations that she wasnt Indian. She was blacklisted in Hollywood. Her speech made her famous literally overnight and her fame would be exploited by Playboy magazine. Littlefeather and a handful of other Native American women had posed for Playboy in 1972, but the photos were never been published until October 1973, not long after the Academy Awards incident. She had no legal recourse to contest their publication because she had signed a model release. Littlefeather has long been an accepted and highly respected member of the Native American community despite lingering speculation about her identity. She continued her social justice work for Native Americans from her home in the San Francisco Bay area and worked as an advocate for Native American AIDS patients. She committed herself to other health education work as well and worked with Mother Theresa doing hospice care for AIDS patients.

Is Liquidity Risk Management Important For Rbs Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1277 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Liquidity and Liquidity Risk management, both are important for organisation so there is not single question regarding its importance towards RBS. I can say yes because Liquidity Risk Management enable organisation to pay its debt when they come due with certain condition and specified manner. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Is Liquidity Risk Management Important For Rbs Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Yes, Liquidity risk management is important especially for financial organization as well as for banks. It enables organisation to pay its debts in time without loosing values of firms assets. Answer 1.3 No, Liquidity Risk Management is not as much important as other financial strategic decision making because If you some effective financial strategy in the business than Illiquid situation will never come to face. So financial strategic decision making is important for RBS as compared to Liquidity Risk Management. Answer 1.4 No, RBS will never depend on the Liquidity Risk Management because before last recession RBS was maintaining Liquidity risk even though RBS had faced shortage of cash. It is not much important for RBS than other risk management. Answer 1.5 Liquidity risk management is not important for only RBS but it is also important for all banks and financial institutions. Liquidity can make firm to enable to pay its obligations when they come due. Answer 1.6 Yes, I think it is important for RBS to maintain credit balance in both RBS and NatWest. Answer 1.7 Liquidity and its management both are the part of financial strategies of the business. RBS is a financial institute and it is quite necessary for them to maintain enough cash fund to pay its debts in time and liquidity risk policy enables to do so. Liquidity and Recession 2 What was the reason behind the last recession especially for Banking sector (RBS)? Answer 2.1 First of all last recession of 2007-2010 was came from United States of America by subprime mortgage crisis and it was impacted to only financial sectors of world and specially to western countries. End of 2006 and start of 2007 was boom time, there were only growth in the market. Banks were lending money in the market without any securities. Due to coming in overconfidence bye banks and investors, recession time start and it was reason for RBS also because before this time RBS was doing quite well. Answer 2.2 It was only due to overconfidence of financial institutions. Financial organizations came into over confidence and invested money in the market without any securities. This was the reason of global financial crisis. RBS was also come into trouble because of worthless acquisition. For business development RBS did lot of acquisition and invested lot of money even some of those acquisitions were useless and worthless. Answer 2.3 Reasons behind the last recession were sub-prime mortgage crisis, housing bubble and oil pricing bubbles. These three hurdles had also affected to RBS and all financial institutions and some of them were fall down. Answer 2.4 Lack of securities and overconfidence were reasons behind the global financial crisis. Answer 2.5 It is clear and everyone knows about the recession, its reasons and its effects. Sub-prime mortgage crisis was the main reason behind the credit crunch. Same things happened with RBS. Answer 2.6 Reasons for the last recession were housing price bubble, lack of liquidity fund, sub-prime mortgage crisis and increasing inflation. Answer 2.7 RBS was using acquisition techniques for business expansion. It was right but not suitable because reserve fund is also necessary during critical time to survive. RBS had not maintained liquidity fund and due to this, RBS had to face credit crunch. 3 Can liquidity risk management help organisation to survive during recession? If yes than how did it helped to RBS? Answer 3.1 If we talk in the context of last recession than I will say yes because last recession was only due to not available enough cash with organisation, and liquidity management is only key to solve this problem so it is quite true to say that LRM helps organisation to survive during recession. Answer 3.2 No, Liquidity risk management can help organisation to solve illiquid situation where as last recession was due to non availability of fund that business do need for their operation as well as to meet regular expenses. Liquidity Risk Management can not solve insolvency condition. Answer 3.3 Yes, it can help organisation to survive during credit crunch but at some extent only. Answer 3.4 Liquidity Risk Management is one of the risk management policies. It can help organisation to solve short term funding problem but last credit crunch was into action for almost 3 years. So it is not possible with Liquidity Risk management. Answer 3.5 Sometime it can help or sometime it can not. So it depends upon the circumstances of the problem. If we talk in the context of last credit crunch, it can and it also did to many banking organizations. Answer 3.6 Risk Management policies are most important for all business organisation and Liquidity Risk Management policy is one of them. So it is also important and helpful for business organisation like as RBS. Answer 3.7 Now a day, Business can perform on the base of certain strategies and policies which can help an organisation to develop and run business even in tough conditions as well as to gain competitive advantages. So Liquidity Risk Management policy is one of them which help us to deal with short term payments and debts. Liquidity and Trust, Reputation and Solvency 4 From your point of view, is there any relation between liquidity and solvency? Answer 4.1 Yes, because liquidity and solvency are two sides of a coin and they are connected with each other. Illiquidity comes from insolvency but insolvency never comes from illiquidity. So I can say like as there is a relationship between liquidity and solvency. Liquidity is a part of solvency. Answer 4.2 No, there is not any relation between Liquidity and Solvency. Illiquidity doesnt come from insolvency but Sometime insolvency comes from the continuous illiquidity. So there is only on side relation, illiquidity comes from some business loses and wrong investment decision like as RBS did in past. Answer 4.3 Liquidity and solvency are connected with each other, so I can say that both have relation with each other. Answer 4.4 Yes, they both are two sides of a coin. If Illiquidity happens than insolvency will also happen after sometimes. There is a positive relation between liquidity and solvency. Answer 4.5 Yes, there is a relationship between liquidity and solvency. If company has sound liquidity management policy than insolvency condition will never come in the business. We have some example, Lehman Brother collapse, why? Because of improper management of fund and wrong investment decision, continuous illiquid situation surged insolvency. Answer 4.6 No, Answer 4.7 No, because Liquidity deals with short term debts and Solvency deals with long term debts. So there is not any relation between liquidity and solvency. 5 Do Liquidity Risk Management Policy help organisation to build trust and Reputation? If yes than how? Answer 5.1 I think yes, Liquidity can defiantly make an impact on trust and reputation of the company. In todays business world, all investors and stakeholders want to invest on those companies which are doing well by their business financial transaction. It means on time payment to creditors, dividend to shareholders, interest to banks and other loan holders, even wages to staff also. Liquidity helps organisation to pay its debts on time when it fall due. So Liquidity can do impact on trust of stakeholders and reputation in business world. Answer 5.2 Yes, Business transaction and in time payments in business always increase business reputation in the market and trust of stakeholders which do business with company. Reputation can also build up by other tools of business but trust of shareholders and stakeholders can only build by regular business. Answer 5.3 Yes, it definitely helps organisation to build trust and reputation.

Essay about The Events of Shakespeares Julius Caesar

Julius Caesar’s ambition for power drove the honorable Brutus to think negatively about Julius Caesar’s position of being the King of Rome. Negatively speaking, Julius Caesar’s ways of having most of the power and deciding not to listen to others except the ones that only tell him things he likes to hear, drove the power-hungary conspirators and the honorable Brutus to take his life away. The honorable Brutus shows his love for Rome by committing an act which he seems best fit for his city. Trying everything he can to put Rome in a democracy, the only solution he saw was to join the conspirators to murder Caesar and explain to the people why they committed such an act. A great friend of Julius Caesar Mark Antony, stood up for many things†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"He plucked me ope his doublet and offered them his throat to cut†(I.2 276-277). One of the most negative things about Caesar is that he compares himself to things that are very incompara ble which eventually portray a signal to the conspirators that Caesar thinks that he has too much power and that he must be stopped. Caesar also listens to things he only likes to hear. He claims that he does not like flattery and will not accept it. Decius finds ways to flatter Caesar because it makes him feel more confident about himself â€Å"....If he be so resolved, I can o’ersway him..../....But when I tell him he hates flatterers, He says he does, being then most flattered† (II.2 218-225). Another case where Caesar just listens to things he likes to hear is when his wife is trying to make him stay home because of her dream, Decius interprets the dream in a form Caesar would like and makes him not stay home. â€Å"This dream is all amiss interpreted. Your statue spouting blood in many pipes..../....Signifies that from you great Rome shall suck reviving blood† (II.2 90-95). Caesar was very pleased â€Å"And this way have you well expounded it†(II.2 96). Even when his dear wife is trying to help him save himself he does not listen to her. She warns him about her dream of hisShow MoreRelatedShakespeare’s Julius Caesar Vs. Plutarch’s Julius Caesar1549 Words   |  7 Pageslike a colossusï ¿ ½(Julius Caesar 1.2.142-43). These words were spoken by Cassius, a character in Shakespeares play Julius Caesar. He is speaking about Julius Caesar and Caesars arrogance and overconfidence. This quote also shows how Shakespeare perceived Julius Caesar as a prominent and influential man of his time. However, this view is not shared by all of the biographers that chose to write about Julius Caesar. 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Report on Recruitment in an Organisation Provides Recommendations

Question: Discuss about the Report on Recruitment in an Organisation. Answer: Introduction Human resource management is an approach that allows business organisations in managing the human element in their workplace using a number of functions, such as recruitment and selection, training and development, career development, performance management, etc. By improving the working conditions for the employees and by fostering stronger employee-employer relations, human resource management aims at optimising the performance of the workforce to achieve better organisational results (Hendry, 2012). Recruitment and selection Recruitment and selection is one of the most important core functions of a human resource manager. Recruitment and selection is a process of identifying job openings or vacancies in a workplace, advertising those job openings through difference channels and then finding out the best possible candidates to fill up the identified job openings (French Rumbles, 2010). Recruitment and selection has become one of the most important aspects of strategic human resource management as business organisations are aiming at achieving higher organisational success by strengthening their recruitment and selection procedures and also by aligning them with the organisational strategies. Retail industry Retail industry was started back in the ancient industry and involves the process of selling consumer goods and services through multiple channels of distributions. From small brick and mortar shops, the retail industry has grown to large supermarkets, such as Walmart, Tesco, etc. (Rahate, 2015). The earlier retail industry saw the growth of small brick and mortar shops which were run by owners along with 2-3 employees to assist them in customer dealing. The present day retail industry is dominated by multinational companies that have large supermarkets and are even offering online goods and services. Such retailers have millions of employees working for them throughout the world. For such retail companies, human resource management is posing a big issue when it comes to recruitment and selection of employees for running business operations. Therefore, this assignment is aimed at studying the problems that the retail industry is facing in recruitment and selection of employees and re commending strategies that will allow the human resource managers in retail industry to address these issues. Recruitment and selection problems in retail industry The retail industry has grown to be one of the biggest industries on the world and is offering employment opportunities to millions of people throughout the world. Due to high number of employees working in the retail sector and because of increasing competition in the retail sector, the human resource managers are facing a number of issues in managing the human resources working in the retail sector. Some of the major problems that the human resource managers in retail sector are facing are related with leadership development, goal alignment, employee perception, promotion and policies, internship programs, overstaffing, etc. but one of the critical human resource issue that almost all retail companies are facing is related with the recruitment and selection of employees. A lot of job seekers have been attracted by the retail industry because of the opportunities that it offers along with flexible working hours. However, from a human resource point of view, recruiting candidates for retail companies have always been tougher than it seems because of some peculiar characteristics of the industry. First of all, in the retail industry, the process of recruitment and selection is highly decentralised. Even though some major retail companies have their own dedicated human resource departments but most of the companies in retail industry do not have dedicated human resource departments and all of the recruitment activities are carried out by the store managers themselves, who are no experts in the field of human resource management. For such managers, recruitment and selection can be a difficult task as they lack sufficient knowledge about the assessment criterions that are used by professional human resource managers to assess skills and competencies of the employees. Thus, efficiency and return of recruitment and selection programs in most of the retail companies is not as high as expected (Barrett, 2016). Secondly, one of the most annoying problem related with recruitment and selection in the retail industry is the fluctuating human resource demands. As discussed above, most of the companies, which are operating in the retail sector, do not have dedicated human resource departments that can continuously analyse the human resource demands of the workplace and design recruitment and selection processes to fulfil the demand. Also, the profitability and the productivity of the companies operating in the retail industry are highly dependent on the number of employees that are handling the workplace and are restocking the shelves. More the employees, more is the productivity while the profitability will suffer whereas lesser employees will result into a decreased productivity but increased profitability (Brunot, n.d.). Furthermore, the retail industry also experiences higher employee turnover ratios than any other industry. Added with lesser workforce planning, higher employee turnover rati ons can make recruitment and selection a night mare for the managers of retail companies outlets. Therefore, a major issue that the retail industry faces in terms of recruitment and selection is the fluctuations in demand and supplies. Thirdly, recruitment and selection in the retail industry is generally face-to-face. Most of the times, the candidates applying for a job in a retail company will directly approach the store manager of a company and will ask for a job. The store managers, on the other hand, can be quite busy and cannot allocate much of the resources to recruitment and selection programs. It is also possible that in time of great need, the managers might not have any candidate seeking a job in their company and even if they have, the need of the moment makes them recruit the employees without making any assessment of their skills and qualities. As a result, face-to-face recruitment or walk-ins are also major problems related with recruitment and selection in the retail industry (KHILLARE, 2016). Fourthly, for retail companies, the rate of no-shows for job interviews in very high. Retail industry can experience instances where they are on a hunt for candidates but no potential candidates turn up for the interviews because of the stiff market competition. Further, the retail industry also experiences seasonal customer activities. In holiday seasons, Christmas month, Halloween, etc. retail companies can experience a steep rise in customer foot fall in their stores and to deal with such fluctuations, the retail companies have to keep the process of recruitment and selection as an on-going process. High employee turnover ratios also add up to the problems and there is almost a vacancy or more available in the retail companies and the managers are recruiting employees throughout the year. A major disadvantage of on-going recruitment process is that it can disrupt the business and training costs may not be recouped if the workforce leaves even before they can make a contribution to wards the productivity of the organisation(employer.careerbuilder.com, n.d.). Fifthly, retail companies are highly dependent on their workforce for becoming productive and competitive. A retail company that is not recruiting the right people at the right time might not be able to offer the right services to the customers and the level of customer satisfaction might decrease, which will further increase the chance of losing a loyal customer. Moreover, the competition amongst retail companies is so high that the customers can always find a new retail company in case they are not satisfied with the services of the company that they have currently chosen. Thus, recruiting and selection of wrong people can also lead to the failure of a company (Singh Mishra, 2008). Sixthly, retail companies require very less educational qualification or prior experience to hire a candidate, which exponentially increases the pool of candidates applying for jobs in retail companies. Because of an increase in the pool of candidates, the retail industry receives application from a diverse group of candidates that are different in terms of age, religion, cultural backgrounds, ethnicity, etc. and each one of them is an eligible candidate for the job. Thus, it becomes very difficult for the human resource managers working in the retail industry to identify the people who can contribute more towards the success of their organisation. Lastly, another major issues related with recruitment and selection in the retail industry is that the recruitment decision made by the managers can have a potential impact on their customer base. For example, candidates applying for a job in retail sector are also going to be the customer of the business. They must have approached the manager for a job because they are attached to the brand and a rejection can potentially have an impact on the customer base (Barrett, 2016). Recommendations to deal with recruitment and selection problems in retail industry The competition in the retail industry and the presence of some major players that are dominating the global market makes it imperative for retail business organisations to deal with their problems in the field of recruitment and selection so that they can remain competitive in the market. Some recommendations that can be used by retail outlet managers to deal with recruitment and selection issues are discussed below: First of all, workforce planning should be treated as an integral part of business. By regular workforce planning, the managers working in retail outlets will be able to understand the human resource demand and supply patterns in the industry and will be able to cope up with the fluctuating demands in a better way (Staniforth, 2016). Secondly, retail companies should offer carefully designed compensation and benefits to the employees. by providing the employees with added benefits, the retail managers can bring down the employee turnover rates, which would ultimately help them in dealing with certain issues related with recruitment and selection of employees. Thirdly, the managers working in retail outlets should consider hiring employees on a temporary basis when the seasonal activity or footfall is there. The managers should be prepared for seasonal activities in advance so that they do not feel a shortage of human resources and can carry out their work operations with ease. Temporary human resources will also help them in serving the customers in a better way and maintain profitability. Further, it will also help in dealing with fluctuations in human resource demands (Retailthinktank.co.uk, n.d.). Fourthly, the managers working in the retail sector should store candidate profile as an important piece of information. Rather than rejecting the job requests put up by candidates, the management can store their information and can keep it for future references. This way, neither the candidates will feel demoralised and the company will also be able to find potential candidates whenever there is a need in the outlets. Lastly, the companies operating in the retail industry should make it a point that they have more employees working as permanent staff rather than hiring staff on a temporary basis. The managers can then arrange for training and development of permanent staff members in order to keep them engaged, motivated and also to retain them in the longer run. This way, managers will also be able to execute succession planning strategies for such employees and it will become easier for the managers to strengthen their recruitment and selection process because of the presence a dedicated and engaged pool of employees. Conclusion The retail sector is one of the most competitive sectors in the global economy and is responsible for a major portion of the global GDP and employment opportunities. The issues that retail companies are experiencing in the recruitment and selection of their employees can have a major impact on their business activities if not dealt with properly. Thus, it is important for the managers operating in the retail industry to get more awareness about these issues and look into the above recommendations in order to strengthen their recruitment and selection process. Bibliography Rahate, A. (2015). Top 15 Worlds Biggest Retail Giants. Retrieved May 19, 2017, from listovative.com: https://listovative.com/top-15-worlds-biggest-retail-giants/ French, R., Rumbles, S. (2010). Recruitment and Selection . Managing and Developing People. Hendry, C. (2012). Human Resource Management . Routledge. Barrett, D. (2016, October 2016). Six recruitment challenges that retailers must conquer. Retrieved May 20, 2017, from hrzone.com: https://www.hrzone.com/talent/acquisition/six-recruitment-challenges-that-retailers-must-conquer Brunot, T. (n.d.). HR Challenges in the Retail Sector. Retrieved May 20, 2017, from yourbusiness.azcentral.com: https://yourbusiness.azcentral.com/hr-challenges-retail-sector-1648.html KHILLARE, D. S. (2016, March). Challenges Of Human Resource Practices In Retail Sectors : in India. International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences, 4(3). employer.careerbuilder.com. (n.d.). Recruiting and Retaining Top Talent in the Retail Industry. Retrieved May 20, 2017, from employer.careerbuilder.com: https://employer.careerbuilder.com/jobposter/small-business/article.aspx?articleid=ATL_0170RETAIL Singh, B. D., Mishra, S. (2008, July). Indian Retail Sector- HR Challenges Measures for Improvement. Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 44(1). Staniforth, J. (2016, March 31). The best online recruiting resource for HR, In-house Recruiters and Hiring Managers. Retrieved May 20, 2017, from vacancy-filler.co.uk: https://blog.vacancy-filler.co.uk/how-to-fix-the-recruitment-problems-in-the-retail-sector Retailthinktank.co.uk. (n.d.). What changes are retailers making to their HR strategies and operational practices to adapt to the recession? Retrieved May 2017, from www.retailthinktank.co.uk: https://www.retailthinktank.co.uk/whitepaper/what-changes-are-retailers-making-to-their-hr-strategies-and-operational-practices-to-adapt-to-the-recession/

Postcolonial Literature an Example of the Topic Literature Essays by

Postcolonial Literature - Historical, Political and Cultural contexts Generally, ideologies of nation and nationalism together with theories of modernity and postcoloniality are explained through the recordings of history in all their political, economic, cultural, historical, and archeological implications. It is the analyses of these implications that postcolonial scholars find useful in holding empire accountable, if not for anything else, at least for querying history. Romila Thapar in "The Past and the Prejudice" foregrounds the intellectual impetus behind the colonial method of writing history. She begins by saying: Need essay sample on "Postcolonial Literature - Historical, Political and Cultural contexts" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Students Often Tell EssayLab specialists: I'm don't want to write my essay. Because I want to spend time with my friends Essay writer professionals suggest: Get Help In Writing An Essay Buy College Papers Buy Written Essays Online Assignment Help Buy Essays Cheap There is a qualitative change between the traditional writing of history and history as we know it today. The modern writing of history was influenced in its manner of handling the evidence by two factors. One was the intellectual influence of the scientific revolution, which resulted in an emphasis on the systematic uncovering of the past and on checking the authenticity of historical facts. The other was the impact on the motivation of history by the new ideology of nationalism, with stress on the notion of a common language, culture and history of a group. Indeed, historical studies the world over have assumed special significance in proving the background of nationalism. Thapar also acknowledges that the Enlightenment agenda and the European mode of writing the nation in tracing nationalist trajectories were structurally manipulated to fashion the history of the colonized peoples. Going beyond such an overtly fictive telling, the Subaltern Studies Group argues that there is another layer of colonial domination by showing that historiography of newly emergent nations (as in the writing of nation/nationalist struggles) borrows heavily from pejorative, imperial methods to often ignore, even delete subaltern historiography in order to privilege elitist, official versions. In fact, this argument echoes one of Frantz Fanon's most brilliant insights, wherein he excavated and scrutinized the damaged psyche of the colonized people to show how the native mirrors the desires of the colonizer. Recently, in "Absences in History" Aloka Parasher has foregrounded that debate by posing a challenge to scholarship which relies on poststructural vocabulary to decode colonization and re-encode a new historiography. She says that in our new post-modern consciousness we apparently privilege the margins of the past by constructing a new difference of the other "other" which has all the elements of heterogeneity, multivocality, and open-endedness, but the space and item where these margins of the past meet are the center of history... In a study of pre-modern society [colonized nations] then, where history as we understand it today was an alien concept, we privilege a modern notion of history [that of a de-colonized nation] and all that it entails so that it becomes central, and the object of study to remain distant and marginal. Salman Rushdie's Satanic Verses presents a cacophony of voices, most of them "unfamiliar," a polyphonic babble contesting the right to speak. Far from valorizing "verse" and its ideology, The Satanic Verses demonizes it. This text asserts the centrality of the margins, transgressing and interrogating boundaries of genre, class, time, traditions, geography. If Vikram Seth Golden Gate is Barthes' comfortable "text of pleasure," The Satanic Verses is Barthes' "text of bliss": Text of pleasure: the text that contents, fills, grants euphoria; the text that comes from culture and does not break with it, is linked to a comfortable practice of reading. Text of bliss: the text that imposes a state of loss, the text that discomforts (perhaps to the point of a certain boredom), unsettles the reader's historical, cultural, psychological assumptions, the consistency of his tastes, values, memories, brings to a crisis his relation with pleasure. Rushdie's text is indeed discomforting. The loss it imposes is the loss of familiar aesthetic pleasures: truth is neither beauty, nor beauty necessarily truth, and you need to know much, much more than that in this life. Indeed, if we are to trust this novel, truth and beauty and being are all provisional and precarious. It is not surprising, then, that Rushdie's work has become more a historical icon than an aesthetic artifact. As he writes of a character in Midnight's Children, he is "handcuffed to history" (a fine phrase later used by Uma Parameswaran in titling an essay about Rushdie work). When the furor over The Satanic Verses and the Ayatollah's fatwah was at its height, it was commonly said that The Satanic Verses was the most talked-about novel that was never read. The implications of this statement are double: first, that it is primarily a political, not an aesthetic, document; and second, that it is, as some critics stated at the time, unreadable, perhaps even not a "good" book. That is, it does not deliver pleasure in the comfortable and comforting aesthetic codes we know and to which we respond. Indeed, the novel may refuse to allow the kinds of pleasure that The Golden Gate provides. But Verses has embedded within it other semiotic codes of pleasure: the codes of literary realism, as we can see in the multiplicity of detail, as well as in the insistence on history. In addition, many critics have commented on Rushdie's work as embodying magical realism, or as being postmodernist in its metafictionality. Still other critics have demonstrated the literary and linguistic playfulness with which Rushdie entertains, teases, and pleases the reader. My point in bringing up such well-known literary categories as "literary realism," "magical realism," and "postmodernism" is again to ask us to focus on the uses of the aesthetic in the genre of the postcolonial. Rushdie's politics, his particularity of place, ethnicity, race, his evocation of the frightening "Other reader," do not come exclusive of aesthetic technique. Nor is that aesthetic merely a matter of ornamental decoration. Rushdie's text makes enormous claims to the experience and the discourse of the aesthetic, in o rder to claim its power and its moral force for itself. Rushdie's text, no less than Seth's, sets out to give pleasure. But the nature of those pleasures are different. One way of expressing that difference is in Barthes' terms, the comforting text of pleasure and the discomforting text of bliss. But this structure has an in-built hierarchical ranking--pleasure as lesser than bliss--with which I'm uneasy. Another way, perhaps, of expressing the difference of pleasure might lie in the difference between two of the definitions of the aesthetic that I used at the beginning of this paper: pleasure as evoked by formal expression, and the pleasure evoked by the expression of being of a particular social identity. I would reverse the categories of "minor" and "major" as Jameson uses them in his essay. While Seth's novel makes claims to being major by drawing upon the familiar pleasures of the aesthetic, it is, finally, "minor" because, in making an aesthetic claim to pleasure on primarily literary, formal grounds, it reinscribes the traditional separation of art and politics as forever separate. This is a fairly small, exclusive stage for the operation of the aesthetic experience. In some sense, Rushdie's novel, too, could be called "minor," but in a different sense, and a political sense. JanMohamed and Lloyd speak, not of being minor, but of becoming minor, that is of deliberately choosing to ally oneself with the groups of those who are historically disenfranchised, racial and ethnic minorities, women of all races and ethnicities, all the groups characterized by "difference" from the dominant classes: "'Becoming minor' is not a question of essence . . . but a question of position: a subject-position that in the final analysis can be defined only in 'political' terms--that is, in terms of the effects of economic exploitation, political disenfranchisement, social manipulation, and ideological domination on the cultural formation of minority subjects and discourses". To use this definition of "minor" for Rushdie's work is to follow Jameson's separation of the aesthetic and the political, to perceive the formal properties of Rushdie's text as "flaws" that detract from its provision of pleasure, and, finally, to see it as primarily political rather than aesthetic. But Rushdie's work makes forceful claims for its own aesthetic status. Unlike Seth's, it does not make a singular claim to the pleasures of aesthetic form. Rather, it makes plural aesthetic claims: it chooses to "become minor," in JanMohamed and Lloyd's sense, discomforting us with the expression of "minor" identities, with its "political" identity. But it simultaneously assaults us with formal, aesthetic demands on our attention; that is, it insists on its "artistic" identity. In doing so, it refuses to allow us, as readers, to safely separate art from politics, private from public, experience from knowledge, our private selves from the body politic. This gives it a more expansive, more inclusive stage to operate as a verbal artifact, as a piece of literary artifice: both art and politics, both aesthetics and history, both personal and collective. Here, the pistol shots neither replace nor compete with the concert: they are an integral part of the music. In other words, Rushdie Satanic Verses forces us to reformulate Jameson "Freud versus Marx" as "Freud is Marx"--and this may make it a "major" work, after all. Rushdie's work also suggests the ways in which history has perpetually undermined that dream of wholeness, leaving behind a "deep disorder," a legacy of cultural violation and dependency. The fully autonomous identity for which his characters yearn remains impossible; and the mimicry of other peoples and other values becomes inevitable. Rushdie's work stands as a later moment in both the literature and the historical process of decolonization; he takes what Bhabha describes as that "separation from origins and essences" as his starting point. In attempting to define an independent India's "national longing for form," he uses what: he terms a "historically validated eclecticism" to mount an attack on "the confining myth of authenticity" itselfan attack located in the very ground of his work's language. The most important writer that Anglophone South Asia has yet produced, Rushdie remakes English into a new Indian language called "Angrezi," in a move that at once destabilizes the imperial idea of a standard English to which one must conform and challenges the nativist assumption that there's only one "good, right way" to be Indian. For Paul Scott India provided the mausoleum for "the last two great senses of public duty we [British] had as a people . . . the sense of duty that was part and parcel of having an empire"--the duty, once having taken possession of India, to govern it responsibly and well--"and the sense of duty so many of us felt that to get rid of it was the liberal human thing to do." In literary terms the first approximates to Kipling and the second to Forster. Yet the dichotomy between them no longer seems so clear. They disagree as to what ought to be done about imperialism, but the rhetoric through which each writer depicts India is many ways the same. Both, for example, see the Raj as outside history; both are subject to what the historian Francis Hutchins calls "the illusion of permanence" on which the Raj depended. Nevertheless, Scott's distinction between those "two great senses of public duty" remains a good one, and his own achievement in The Raj Quartet ( 1966- 1975) lay in synthesizing the work of his predecessors to show how those duties came inevitably into conflict. From Scott the rhetoric of English India leads to the work of the two major novelists of the Indian diaspora, Rushdie and the Trinidadian Hindu V. S. Naipaul; a brief comparison of their work will provide this chapter's conclusion. Other important novels have of course emerged from England's engagement with empire in other parts of the globe. One thinks especially of Jean Rhys's Wide Sargasso Sea ( 1966), and Timothy Mo's historical novel about the founding of Hong Kong, An Insular Possession ( 1986), not to mention the national literatures of Australia or Nigeria or South Africa. Yet nowhere was the British literary encounter with imperialism so complex, or of so sustained a quality, as in India, the oldest and most important of Britain's conquered territories; hence this chapter's emphasis. But the British novel of Africa is also important, and its terms differ in interesting ways from those in which the British saw India. Before turning to Naipaul and Rushdie, we will therefore pause to examine some of its major motifs. According to Ahmad, postcolonial theory subsequently favors the work of the migrant intelligentsia of Third World origin based in the West. Said and his followers are taken to task for assuming that writers like Salman Rushdie (to whom Ahmad is consistently hostile) represent the authentic voice of their countries of origin. Instead, Ahmad locates them within the politically dominant class fraction of their host society, to which texts like Shame, like postcolonial theory itself, are in the first instance deemed to be addressed. Ultimately, Ahmad implies, a lot of such work needs to be placed within metropolitan discursive traditions such as Orientalism and Ahmad takes Said severely to task for failing to see how a text like Satanic Verses belongs to a long tradition of anti-Islamic sentiment in the West. When Third World culture 'proper' is addressed in postcolonial theory, Ahmad argues, most attention is given to those texts which 'answer back' to imperial and neo-colonial culture--for instance, the fictional ripostes to Heart of Darkness by figures as diverse as Chinua Achebe, Wilson Harris and Tayib Salih. According to In Theory, this attention to work that has been, in a crucial sense, interpellated by Western culture simply reinforces the traditional relationship between centre and periphery which underlay all discourse, political and cultural, of the colonial period. There is thus a damaging tendency 'to view the products of the English-writing intelligentsia of the cosmopolitan cities as the central documents' of the national literature of the country in question. In the process those aspects of Third World culture which are most genuinely independent of metropolitan influences and of allegiance to the national bourgeoisie, such as literatures written in regional Indian languages, are either neglected or ignored. Resources Ahmad, "Literary Theory and Third World Literature: Some Contexts", In Theory, pp. 68-9. Procter, J. (ed.) (2000) Writing Black Britain 1948-1998: An Interdisciplinary Anthology,Manchester: Manchester University Press. Rushdie, S. (1988) The Satanic Verses, London: Viking Penguin. Rushdie, S. (1991) Imaginary Homelands: Essays and Criticism 1981-1991, London: Granta/ Penguin. Said, Edward. Orientalism. New York: Vintage, 1978. Thapar, Romila. "The Past and the Prejudice." New Delhi: National Book Trust of India, 1980.